I-Abstract: ukuxhumanisa ukwahlukanisa kuyindaba ebalulekile ehlobene nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yezinto zikagesi, futhi bekulokhu kunakwa kuzo zonke izici.Ukuxhumanisa i-insulation kwaqala ukusetshenziswa emikhiqizweni kagesi yamandla aphezulu.E-China, ingozi edalwe wuhlelo lokufakwa kwamanzi ihlanganisa amaphesenti angama-50 kuye kwangama-60 emikhiqizo kagesi e-China.Sekuyiminyaka emibili kuphela umqondo wokuxhumanisa ukufakwa ucashunwe ngokusemthethweni ku-switchgear ephansi kagesi kanye nemishini yokulawula.Ngakho-ke, kuyinkinga ebaluleke kakhulu ukubhekana nokuxazulula inkinga yokuxhumanisa i-insulation emkhiqizweni ngendlela efanele, futhi ukunakwa okwanele kufanele kukhokhwe kuwo.
Amagama ayisihluthulelo: insulation kanye ne-insulation materials of low voltage switchgear
0. Isingeniso
I-switchgear ye-voltage ephansi inesibopho sokulawula, ukuvikela, ukulinganisa, ukuguqula kanye nokusabalalisa amandla kagesi ohlelweni lokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi ophansi.Njengoba i-switchgear ene-low-voltage ingena ijula endaweni yokukhiqiza, indawo yomphakathi, indawo yokuhlala kanye nezinye izindawo, kungashiwo ukuthi zonke izindawo lapho kusetshenziswa khona izinto zikagesi zizohlonyiswa ngemishini yamandla aphansi.Cishe u-80% wamandla wamandla e-China ahlinzekwa nge-switchgear ene-low-voltage.Ukwakhiwa kwe-switchgear ene-low-voltage kususelwa embonini yezinto ezibonakalayo, izinto zikagesi ezinamandla aphansi, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula kanye nemishini Ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda kanye namazinga okuphila abantu, ngakho izinga lokushintshwa kwamandla kagesi aphansi libonisa amandla omnotho, isayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nezinga lokuphila le- izwe ohlangothini olulodwa.
1. Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuxhumanisa ukwahlukanisa
Ukuxhumana kwe-insulation kusho ukuthi izici zokuvala ugesi zemishini zikhethwa ngokuya ngezimo zesevisi nendawo ezungezile yamathuluzi.Kuphela uma umklamo wezinto zokusebenza usekelwe emandleni omsebenzi owuthwalayo ekuphileni kwawo okulindelekile, lapho ukuhlanganiswa kokufakelwa kungafezeka.Inkinga yokuxhumanisa i-insulation ayiveli kuphela ngaphandle kwemishini kodwa futhi kusukela kumishini ngokwayo.Kuyinkinga ehlanganisa zonke izici, okufanele zibhekwe ngokucophelela.Amaphuzu ayinhloko ahlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: okokuqala, izimo zokusetshenziswa kwemishini;Okwesibili imvelo yokusetshenziswa kwemishini, kanti eyesithathu ukukhethwa kwezinto zokufakelwa.
1.1 Izimo zokusebenzisa okokusebenza izimo zokusebenzisa okokusebenza ikakhulukazi zibhekisa ku-voltage, indawo kagesi kanye nemvamisa esetshenziswa yimpahla.
1.1.1 ubudlelwano phakathi kokuxhumanisa i-insulation kanye ne-voltage.Lapho kucutshungulwa ubudlelwano phakathi kokuxhumanisa ukufakwa kwe-insulation kanye ne-voltage, amandla kagesi angase abe khona ohlelweni, i-voltage ekhiqizwa imishini, izinga eliqhubekayo lokusebenza kwamandla kagesi, kanye nengozi yokuphepha komuntu siqu kanye nengozi kuyocatshangelwa.
① Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-voltage kanye ne-overvoltage, i-waveform.
A. i-voltage yamandla aqhubekayo, ene-voltage engu-R, m, s;
B. overvoltage yesikhashana, amandla imvamisa overvoltage isikhathi eside;
I-overvoltage edlulayo engu-C, i-over-voltage yama-millisecond ambalwa noma ngaphansi, ivamise ukuba yi-oscillation ephezulu yokudambisa noma i-non-oscillation.
——I-overvoltage yesikhashana, ngokuvamile indlela eyodwa, ifinyelela inani eliphakeme elingu-20 μ sTp5000 μ Phakathi kuka-S, ubude besikhathi somsila wegagasi T2 ≤ 20ms.
——Igagasi elisheshayo langaphambi kokugcwala ngokweqile: i-overvoltage yesikhashana, ngokuvamile ibheke ohlangothini olulodwa, ifinyelela inani eliphakeme elingu-0.1 μ sT120 μ s.Ubude besikhathi somsila we-Wave T2 ≤ 300 μ s.
——I-overvoltage yamagagasi angaphambili: i-overvoltage edlulayo, ngokuvamile ibheke ohlangothini olulodwa, ifinyelela inani eliphakeme ku-TF ≤ 0.1 μ s.Ubude besikhathi obuphelele yi-3MS, futhi kukhona i-oscillation ebekwe phezulu, futhi imvamisa ye-oscillation iphakathi kuka-30kHz no-100MHz.
D. kuhlangene (okwesikhashana, ukuya phambili kancane, okusheshayo, emaweni) overvoltage.
Ngokusho kohlobo lwe-overvoltage olungenhla, i-wave wave ye-voltage ejwayelekile ingachazwa.
② Ubudlelwano phakathi kwevoltheji yesikhathi eside ye-AC noma ye-DC kanye nokuxhumanisa ukwahlukanisa kufanele kucabangele i-voltage elinganiselwe, i-voltage elinganisiwe yokuhlukanisa kanye ne-voltage yangempela yokusebenza.Ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile nesikhathi eside kohlelo, i-voltage elinganisiwe yokuhlukanisa kanye ne-voltage yangempela yokusebenza kufanele kucatshangelwe.Ngaphezu kokuhlangabezana nezidingo zezinga, kufanele sinake isimo sangempela segridi yamandla yaseChina.Esimweni samanje ukuthi ikhwalithi yegridi yamandla ayikho phezulu e-China, lapho uklama imikhiqizo, i-voltage yangempela yokusebenza engenzeka ibaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kokufakwa.
③ Ubudlelwano phakathi kokudlula ngokweqile kwesikhashana nokuxhumana kokufakwa kuhlobene nesimo sokulawulwa kwe-over-voltage ohlelweni lukagesi.Kuhlelo namathuluzi, kunezinhlobo eziningi zokugcwala ngokweqile.Umthelela we-overvoltage kufanele ucatshangelwe ngokucophelela.Kusistimu yamandla kagesi aphansi, ukugcwala ngokweqile kungase kuthinteke izici ezihlukahlukene eziguquguqukayo.Ngakho-ke, ukugcwala ngokweqile ohlelweni kuhlolwa ngendlela yezibalo, okubonisa umqondo wamathuba okuba kwenzeke, Futhi kunganqunywa ngendlela yezibalo zamathuba okuthi ukulawulwa kokuvikela kuyadingeka.
1.1.2 Isigaba se-over-voltage ye-over-voltage izohlukaniswa ngesigaba se-IV ngokuqondile kusukela esigabeni sokugcwala ngokweqile kwegridi yamandla kagesi aphansi ngokwezinga eliqhubekayo lesikhathi eside lokusebenza kwamandla kagesi elidingwa yizimo zokusebenzisa okokusebenza.Okokusebenza kwesigaba sesi-IV se-overvoltage amathuluzi asetshenziswa ekugcineni kokuphakelwa kwamandla kwedivayisi yokusabalalisa, njenge-ammeter kanye nempahla yokuvikela yamanje yesigaba sangaphambilini.Impahla yesigaba III se-overvoltage iwumsebenzi wokufakwa kudivayisi yokusabalalisa, futhi ukuphepha nokusebenza kwezisetshenziswa kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo ezikhethekile, njenge-switchgear kudivayisi yokusabalalisa.Izisetshenziswa zesigaba II se-overvoltage yizinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswa idivayisi yokusabalalisa, njengomthwalo osetshenziswa ekhaya nezinjongo ezifanayo.Okokusebenza kwekilasi Lokweqisa kwe-overvoltage kuxhunywe kumathuluzi akhawulela ukugcwala ngokweqile kwesikhashana kuya ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, njengesekhethi ye-elekthronikhi enokuvikelwa kwe-over-voltage.Okokusebenza okungahlinzekwanga ngokuqondile yigridi yamandla kagesi aphansi, i-voltage ephezulu kanye nenhlanganisela ebucayi yezimo ezihlukahlukene ezingase zenzeke kumshini wohlelo kufanele kucatshangelwe.
<12>>
Insimu kagesi ihlukaniswe yaba inkambu kagesi efanayo kanye nenkundla kagesi engafani.Ku-switchgear ye-voltage ephansi, ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengendaba yenkundla kagesi engalingani.Inkinga yefrikhwensi isacatshangelwa.Ngokuvamile, imvamisa ephansi ayinawo umthelela omncane ekuxhumaniseni ukufakwa kwe-insulation, kodwa imvamisa ephezulu isenamandla, ikakhulukazi ezintweni zokufakelwa.
1.2 Imvelo enkulu yezinto zokusebenza ezihlobene nokuxhumanisa ukufakwa kanye nezimo zemvelo kuthinta ukuxhumana kokufakwa.Kusukela ezidingweni zokusetshenziswa kwamanje okusebenzayo kanye namazinga, ukuguqulwa komfutho womoya kubheka kuphela ushintsho lomfutho womoya obangelwa ukuphakama.Ukushintsha komfutho womoya wansuku zonke akunakiwe, futhi izici zamazinga okushisa nomswakama nazo azinakwa.Kodwa-ke, uma kunezidingo ezinembe kakhudlwana, ukucindezela komoya kuzoshintshwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zamazinga, Lezi zici kufanele futhi zicatshangelwe.Kusukela endaweni encane, imvelo enkulu inquma imvelo encane, kodwa imvelo encane ingaba ngcono noma ibe yimbi kunemishini yemvelo enkulu.Amazinga ahlukene okuvikela, ukushisisa, ukungena komoya kanye nothuli lwegobolondo kungase kuthinte imvelo encane.Imvelo encane inezinhlinzeko ezicacile kumazinga afanelekile, ahlinzeka ngesisekelo sokuklanywa kwemikhiqizo.
1.3 Izinkinga ze-insulation coordination kanye ne-insulation materials ziyinkimbinkimbi impela.Ihlukile kugesi, futhi iyindawo evikelayo engakwazi ukubuyiselwa uma yonakele.Ngisho nesehlakalo se-overvoltage ngephutha singadala umonakalo unomphela.Ekusetshenzisweni kwesikhathi eside, izinto zokufakelwa zizohlangana nezimo ezihlukahlukene, njengezingozi zokukhishwa, I-insulation material ngokwayo izosheshisa inqubo yayo yokuguga ngenxa yezinto ezihlukahlukene eziqoqwe isikhathi eside, njengokucindezeleka okushisayo, izinga lokushisa, umthelela wemishini nokunye. izingcindezi.Ukuze uthole izinto zokufakelwa, ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, izici ze-insulation materials azifani, nakuba kunezinkomba eziningi.Lokhu kuletha ubunzima obuthile ekukhetheni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zokufaka i-insulating, okuyisizathu sokuthi kungani ezinye izici ze-insulation materials, ezifana nokucindezeleka okushisayo, izakhiwo zemishini, ukukhipha ingxenye, njll., azicatshangwa okwamanje.
2. Ukuqinisekiswa kokuxhumanisa kwe-insulation
Njengamanje, indlela efanele yokuqinisekisa ukuxhumanisa kokufakwa kwe-insulation ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-impulse dielectric, futhi amanani ahlukene alinganiselwe we-impulse voltage angakhethelwa imishini ehlukene.
2.1 i-insulation ehambisanayo ne-impulse voltage elinganisiwe yempahla ingu-1.2/50 ngefomu legagasi lokuhlola i-impulse voltage μ S.
I-impulse generator ye-impulse generator ye-impulse test power supply kufanele ibe ngaphezu kwama-500 ngokuvamile Ω， Inani elilinganiselwe le-voltage ye-impulse lizonqunywa ngokuya ngesimo sokusebenzisa, isigaba se-overvoltage kanye ne-voltage yokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwemishini, futhi izolungiswa ngokuvumelana ekuphakameni okuhambisanayo.Njengamanje, ezinye izimo zokuhlola zisetshenziswa ku-switchgear ye-voltage ephansi.Uma ungekho umbandela ocacile mayelana nomswakama kanye nezinga lokushisa, kufanele futhi ube ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwezinga le-switchgear ephelele.Uma indawo yokusetshenziswa kwemishini ingaphezu kobubanzi obusebenzayo besethi ye-switchgear, kufanele kubhekwe njengelungisiwe.Ubudlelwano bokulungisa phakathi komfutho womoya nezinga lokushisa bumi kanje:
K=P/101.3 × 293( Δ T+293)
K - ukulungiswa nemingcele of air pressure kanye lokushisa
Δ T – umehluko wezinga lokushisa K phakathi kwezinga lokushisa langempela (Laselabhorethri) kanye ne-T = 20 ℃
P – ingcindezi yangempela kPa
2.2 nge-low voltage switchgear, ukuhlolwa kwe-AC noma kwe-DC kungasetshenziswa ukufaka esikhundleni sokuhlolwa kwe-impulse voltage ukuze kuhlolwe i-dielectric ye-voltage ehlukile ye-impulse, kodwa lolu hlobo lwendlela yokuhlola lunzima kakhulu kunokuhlola i-impulse voltage, futhi kufanele kuvunyelwane nomenzi.
Ubude besikhathi sokuhlolwa yimijikelezo emi-3 endabeni yokuxhumana.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-DC, isigaba ngasinye (esihle nesibi) ngokulandelana sasebenzisa i-voltage izikhathi ezintathu, isikhathi ngasinye ubude ngu-10ms.
Esimeni samanje saseShayina, emikhiqizweni kagesi yamandla aphezulu naphansi, ukuxhumanisa okokusebenza kwemishini kuseyinkinga enkulu.Ngenxa yokwethulwa okusemthethweni komqondo wokuxhumanisa i-insulation kuma-switchgear aphansi kanye nemishini yokulawula, kuyindaba ecishe ibe yiminyaka emibili kuphela.Ngakho-ke, kuyinkinga ebaluleke kakhulu ukubhekana nokuxazulula inkinga yokuxhumanisa ukufakwa emkhiqizweni.
Ireferensi:
[1] I-Iec439-1 i-switchgear ephansi ye-voltage kanye nempahla yokulawula – Ingxenye I: uhlobo lokuhlolwa kanye nokuhlolwa kohlobo lwengxenye kuqedela imishini [s].
I-Iec890 ihlola ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa kwe-switchgear kagesi ephansi kanye nemishini yokulawula ngokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwamasethi okuhlola ngendlela ye-extrapolation.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-20-2023