Umbono: Ngo-1987, idokhumenti yobuchwepheshe enesihloko esithi "izidingo zokuxhumanisa ukufakwa kwe-insulation ku-Supplement 1 kuya ku-iec439" yabhalwa i-sub Technical Committee ye-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 17D, eyethula ngokusemthethweni ukuxhumanisa ukufakwa kumshini wokushintshanisa nokulawula amandla kagesi aphansi. imishini.Esimeni samanje saseShayina, emikhiqizweni kagesi yamandla aphezulu naphansi, ukuxhumanisa okokusebenza kwemishini kuseyinkinga enkulu.Ngenxa yokwethulwa okusemthethweni komqondo wokuxhumanisa i-insulation kuma-switchgear aphansi kanye nemishini yokulawula, kuyindaba ecishe ibe yiminyaka emibili kuphela.Ngakho-ke, kuyinkinga ebaluleke kakhulu ukubhekana nokuxazulula inkinga yokuxhumanisa ukufakwa emkhiqizweni.
Amagama angukhiye: I-insulation kanye ne-insulation materials ye-low voltage switchgear
Ukuxhumana kwe-insulation kuyindaba ebalulekile ehlobene nokuphepha kwemikhiqizo yemishini kagesi, futhi bekulokhu kunakwa kuzo zonke izici.Ukuxhumanisa i-insulation kwaqala ukusetshenziswa emikhiqizweni kagesi yamandla aphezulu.Ngo-1987, idokhumenti yobuchwepheshe enesihloko esithi “izidingo zokuxhumanisa ukwahlukanisa ku-Supplement 1 kuya ku-iec439″ yabhalwa yi-sub Technical Committee ye-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 17D, eyethula ngokusemthethweni ukuxhumanisa ukufakwa kugesi kumshini wokushintsha amandla kagesi ophansi kanye nezisetshenziswa zokulawula.Ngokuqondene nesimo sangempela sezwe lethu, ukuhlanganisa izinto zokusebenza kuseyinkinga enkulu emikhiqizweni kagesi wamandla kagesi aphezulu naphansi.Izibalo zikhombisa ukuthi ingozi edalwe wuhlelo lwe-insulation ibalelwa ku-50% - 60% wemikhiqizo kagesi e-China.Ngaphezu kwalokho, sekuyiminyaka emibili kuphela umqondo wokuxhumanisa ukwahlukanisa ucashunwe ngokusemthethweni ku-switchgear ephansi kagesi kanye nemishini yokulawula.Ngakho-ke, kuyinkinga ebaluleke kakhulu ukubhekana nokuxazulula inkinga yokuxhumanisa ukufakwa emkhiqizweni.
2. Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuxhumanisa ukwahlukanisa
Ukuxhumana kwe-insulation kusho ukuthi izici zokuvala ugesi zemishini zikhethwa ngokuya ngezimo zesevisi nendawo ezungezile yamathuluzi.Kuphela uma umklamo wezinto zokusebenza usekelwe emandleni omsebenzi owuthwalayo ekuphileni kwawo okulindelekile, lapho ukuhlanganiswa kokufakelwa kungafezeka.Inkinga yokuxhumanisa i-insulation ayiveli kuphela ngaphandle kwemishini kodwa futhi kusukela kumishini ngokwayo.Kuyinkinga ehlanganisa zonke izici, okufanele zibhekwe ngokucophelela.Amaphuzu ayinhloko ahlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: okokuqala, izimo zokusetshenziswa kwemishini;Okwesibili imvelo yokusetshenziswa kwemishini, kanti eyesithathu ukukhethwa kwezinto zokufakelwa.
(1) Izimo zemishini
Izimo zokusebenzisa imishini ikakhulukazi zibhekisa ku-voltage, inkambu kagesi kanye nemvamisa esetshenziswa imishini.
1. Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuxhumana kwe-insulation kanye ne-voltage.Lapho kucutshungulwa ubudlelwano phakathi kokuxhumanisa ukufakwa kwe-insulation kanye ne-voltage, amandla kagesi angase abe khona ohlelweni, i-voltage ekhiqizwa imishini, izinga eliqhubekayo lokusebenza kwamandla kagesi, kanye nengozi yokuphepha komuntu siqu kanye nengozi kuyocatshangelwa.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-voltage kanye ne-overvoltage, i-waveform.
a) I-voltage yefrikhwensi yamandla aqhubekayo, ene-voltage engu-R, m, s
b) I-overvoltage yesikhashana, i-overvoltage yamandla isikhathi eside
c) I-overvoltage edlulayo, i-over-voltage yama-millisecond ambalwa noma ngaphansi, ngokuvamile i-oscillation ephezulu yokumanzisa noma ukungaguquguquki.
——I-overvoltage edlulayo, ngokuvamile iyindlela eyodwa, ifinyelela inani eliphakeme elingu-20 μs
——I-Fast wave pre overvoltage: I-overvoltage yesikhashana, ngokuvamile ibheke ohlangothini olulodwa, ifinyelela inani eliphakeme elingu-0.1 μ s
——I-overvoltage yamagagasi angaphambili: I-overvoltage edlulayo, ngokuvamile ibheke ohlangothini olulodwa, ifinyelela inani eliphakeme ku-TF ≤ 0.1 μ s.Ubude besikhathi obuphelele bungaphansi kwe-3MS, futhi kukhona i-oscillation ye-superposition, futhi imvamisa ye-oscillation iphakathi kuka-30kHz
Ngokusho kohlobo lwe-overvoltage olungenhla, i-wave wave ye-voltage ejwayelekile ingachazwa.
2. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwevoltheji yesikhathi eside ye-AC noma ye-DC kanye nokuxhumanisa ukwahlukanisa kuzobhekwa njenge-voltage elinganiselwe, i-voltage elinganisiwe yokuhlukanisa kanye ne-voltage yangempela yokusebenza.Ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile nesikhathi eside kohlelo, i-voltage elinganisiwe yokuhlukanisa kanye ne-voltage yangempela yokusebenza kufanele kucatshangelwe.Ngaphezu kokuhlangabezana nezidingo zezinga, kufanele sinake kakhulu isimo sangempela segridi yamandla yaseChina.Esimweni samanje ukuthi ikhwalithi yegridi yamandla ayikho phezulu e-China, lapho uklama imikhiqizo, i-voltage yangempela yokusebenza engenzeka ibaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kokufakwa.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-overvoltage yesikhashana kanye nokuxhumana kokufakwa kwe-insulation kuhlobene nesimo sokulawulwa kwe-over-voltage ohlelweni lukagesi.Kuhlelo namathuluzi, kunezinhlobo eziningi zokugcwala ngokweqile.Umthelela we-overvoltage kufanele ucatshangelwe ngokucophelela.Kusistimu yamandla kagesi aphansi, ukugcwala ngokweqile kungase kuthinteke izici ezihlukahlukene eziguquguqukayo.Ngakho-ke, ukugcwala ngokweqile ohlelweni kuhlolwa ngendlela yezibalo, okubonisa umqondo wamathuba okuba kwenzeke, Futhi kunganqunywa ngendlela yezibalo zamathuba okuthi ukulawulwa kokuvikela kuyadingeka.
2. Overvoltage isigaba imishini
Ngokwezimo zemishini, izinga lesikhathi eside sokusebenza kwamandla kagesi elidingekayo lizohlukaniswa ngokuqondile esigabeni se-IV ngesigaba sokugcwala ngokweqile kwempahla yokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi wegridi kagesi ophansi.Okokusebenza kwesigaba sesi-IV se-overvoltage amathuluzi asetshenziswa ekugcineni kokuphakelwa kwamandla kwedivayisi yokusabalalisa, njenge-ammeter kanye nempahla yokuvikela yamanje yesigaba sangaphambilini.Impahla yesigaba sesi-III yokweqa i-overvoltage ingumsebenzi wokufakwa kudivayisi yokusabalalisa, futhi ukuphepha nokusebenza kwempahla kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo ezikhethekile, njenge-switchgear edivayisini yokusabalalisa.Izisetshenziswa zesigaba II se-overvoltage yizinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswa idivayisi yokusabalalisa, njengomthwalo osetshenziswa ekhaya nezinjongo ezifanayo.Okokusebenza kwekilasi Lokweqisa kwe-overvoltage kuxhunywe kumathuluzi akhawulela ukugcwala ngokweqile kwesikhashana kuya ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, njengesekhethi ye-elekthronikhi enokuvikelwa kwe-over-voltage.Okokusebenza okungahlinzekwanga ngokuqondile yigridi yamandla kagesi aphansi, i-voltage ephezulu kanye nenhlanganisela ebucayi yezimo ezihlukahlukene ezingase zenzeke kumshini wohlelo kufanele kucatshangelwe.
Lapho okokusebenza kufanele kusebenze esimweni sezinga eliphakeme lesigaba sokugcwala kwe-overvoltage, futhi okokusebenza ngokwako kungenaso isigaba se-overvoltage esanele esivunyelwe, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokunciphisa ukugcwala ngokweqile endaweni, futhi izindlela ezilandelayo zingathathwa.
a) Idivayisi yokuvikela amandla kagesi ngaphezulu
b) Ama-transformer ane-winding eyodwa
c) Isistimu yokusabalalisa isekethe yamagatsha amaningi enegagasi lokudlulisa elisabalalisiwe elidlula kumandla kagesi
d) Ikhono elikwazi ukumunca amandla okwanda kwe-overvoltage
e) Umshini wokudambisa okwazi ukumunca amandla okwanda kwe-overvoltage
3. Inkambu kagesi kanye nemvamisa
Insimu kagesi ihlukaniswe yaba inkambu kagesi efanayo kanye nenkundla kagesi engafani.Ku-switchgear ye-voltage ephansi, ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengendaba yenkundla kagesi engalingani.Inkinga yefrikhwensi isacatshangelwa.Ngokuvamile, imvamisa ephansi ayinawo umthelela omncane ekuxhumaniseni ukufakwa kwe-insulation, kodwa imvamisa ephezulu isenamandla, ikakhulukazi ezintweni zokufakelwa.
(2) Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuxhumanisa i-insulation kanye nezimo zemvelo
Imvelo enkulu lapho okokusebenza okukhona kuthinta ukuxhumana kwe-insulation.Kusukela ezidingweni zokusetshenziswa kwamanje okusebenzayo kanye namazinga, ukuguqulwa komfutho womoya kubheka kuphela ukuguqulwa komfutho womoya obangelwa ukuphakama.Ukushintsha komfutho womoya wansuku zonke akunakiwe, futhi izici zamazinga okushisa nomswakama nazo azinakwa.Nokho, uma kunezidingo ezinembe kakhudlwana, lezi zici kufanele zicatshangelwe.Kusukela endaweni encane, imvelo enkulu inquma imvelo encane, kodwa imvelo encane ingaba ngcono noma ibe yimbi kunemishini yemvelo enkulu.Amazinga ahlukene okuvikela, ukushisisa, ukungena komoya kanye nothuli lwegobolondo kungase kuthinte imvelo encane.Imvelo encane inezinhlinzeko ezicacile kumazinga afanelekile.Bheka Ithebula 1, elihlinzeka ngesisekelo sokuklanywa komkhiqizo.
(3) Ukuxhumana kwe-insulation kanye nezinto zokufakelwa
Inkinga ye-insulating material iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ihluke kugesi, iyindawo yokushisa engakwazi ukutholakala uma yonakele.Ngisho nesehlakalo se-overvoltage ngephutha singadala umonakalo unomphela.Ekusetshenzisweni kwesikhathi eside, izinto zokufakelwa zizohlangabezana nezimo ezihlukahlukene, njengezingozi zokukhishwa, njll. futhi impahla yokufakelwa ngokwayo ibangelwa izici ezihlukahlukene eziqoqwe isikhathi eside, njengengcindezi yokushisa Izinga lokushisa, umthelela wemishini nokunye ukucindezeleka kuzosheshisa. inqubo yokuguga.Ukuze uthole izinto zokufakelwa, ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, izici ze-insulation materials azifani, nakuba kunezinkomba eziningi.Lokhu kuletha ubunzima obuthile ekukhetheni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zokufaka i-insulating, okuyisizathu sokuthi kungani ezinye izici ze-insulation materials, ezifana nokucindezeleka okushisayo, izakhiwo zemishini, ukukhipha ingxenye, njll., azicatshangwa okwamanje.Umthelela walokhu kugcizelela okungenhla ezintweni zokufakelwa kuxoxiwe ngakho ezincwadini ze-IEC, ezingadlala indima esezingeni elifanele ekusebenzeni okungokoqobo, kodwa okwamanje akukenzeki ukwenza isiqondiso somthamo.Njengamanje, kunemikhiqizo eminingi kagesi esezingeni eliphansi esetshenziswa njengezinkomba zobuningi bezinto zokuvikela, eziqhathaniswa nenani le-CTI lenkomba yophawu lokuvuza, elingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu nezinhlobo ezine, kanye nokumelana nenkomba yokuvuza ye-PTI.Inkomba yezimpawu zokuvuza isetshenziselwa ukwenza umkhondo wokuvuza ngokuphonsa uketshezi olungcolile emanzini phezu kwezinto ezifakwayo.Ukuqhathaniswa komthamo kunikezwa.
Le nkomba yobuningi ethile isetshenziswe ekwakhiweni komkhiqizo.
3. Ukuqinisekiswa kokuxhumana kwe-insulation
Njengamanje, indlela efanele yokuqinisekisa ukuxhumanisa kokufakwa kwe-insulation ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-impulse dielectric, futhi amanani ahlukene alinganiselwe we-impulse voltage angakhethelwa imishini ehlukene.
1. Qinisekisa ukuhlotshaniswa kokufakwa kwezinto ngokuhlolwa kwe-voltage elinganiselwe
I-1.2/50 ye-voltage ye-impulse elinganiselwe μ S ifomu legagasi.
I-impulse generator ye-impulse generator ye-impulse test power supply kufanele ibe ngaphezu kwama-500 ngokuvamile Ω， Inani elilinganiselwe le-voltage ye-impulse lizonqunywa ngokuya ngesimo sokusebenzisa, isigaba se-overvoltage kanye ne-voltage yokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwemishini, futhi izolungiswa ngokuvumelana ekuphakameni okuhambisanayo.Njengamanje, ezinye izimo zokuhlola zisetshenziswa ku-switchgear ye-voltage ephansi.Uma ungekho umbandela ocacile mayelana nomswakama kanye nezinga lokushisa, kufanele futhi ube ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwezinga le-switchgear ephelele.Uma indawo yokusetshenziswa kwemishini ingaphezu kobubanzi obusebenzayo besethi ye-switchgear, kufanele kubhekwe njengelungisiwe.Ubudlelwano bokulungisa phakathi komfutho womoya nezinga lokushisa bumi kanje:
K=P/101.3 × 293( Δ T＋293)
K - ukulungiswa kwemingcele yokucindezela komoya kanye nezinga lokushisa
Δ T – umehluko wezinga lokushisa K phakathi kwezinga lokushisa langempela (Laselabhorethri) kanye ne-T = 20 ℃
P – ingcindezi yangempela kPa
2. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Dielectric ye-voltage ye-impulse ehlukile
Ngomshini wokushintsha i-voltage ephansi, ukuhlolwa kwe-AC noma kwe-DC kungasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokuhlolwa kwe-impulse voltage, kodwa lolu hlobo lwendlela yokuhlola lunzima kakhulu kunokuhlola i-impulse voltage, futhi kufanele kuvunyelwane nomenzi.
Ubude besikhathi sokuhlolwa yimijikelezo emi-3 endabeni yokuxhumana.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-DC, isigaba ngasinye (esihle nesibi) ngokulandelana sasebenzisa i-voltage izikhathi ezintathu, isikhathi ngasinye ubude ngu-10ms.
1. Ukunqunywa kwe-overvoltage evamile.
2. Hlanganisa ngokunqunywa kwe-voltage ukumelana.
3. Ukunqunywa kwezinga lokuhlukanisa elilinganiselwe.
4. Inqubo evamile yokuxhumanisa ukufakwa kwe-insulation.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-20-2023